Glossary

A

Alternative Hypothesis ($H_1$): The hypothesis that states there is a significant difference or effect.

ANOVA: Analysis of Variance. A method to compare means of 3 or more groups.

B

Bias: Systematic error in sampling or testing.

C

Central Limit Theorem: States that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases.

Confidence Interval: A range of values derived from sample data that is likely to cover the true population parameter.

H

Hypothesis Testing: A statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population parameter.

N

Null Hypothesis ($H_0$): The hypothesis that there is no significant difference or effect.

P

P-Value: The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

Population: The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.

S

Sample: A subset of the population.

Standard Deviation: A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

V

Variance: The expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean.